News for Healthier Living

Scientists Discover Why High Levels of the Amino Acid Cysteine Are Toxic to Cells

Cysteine is the only protein-building amino acid that is acutely toxic to human cells when present in excess. Cells avoid this toxicity by converting cysteine into glutathione. Scientists had long puzzled over why excess cysteine is dangerous, while a large amount of glutathione is safe. A new study shows that excess cysteine causes the release of iron, which accumulates inside mitochondria and ultimately triggers cell death. Glutathione gives the cell many of the same advantages as free cysteine, without unleashing unsafe levels of iron. Beyond clarifying fundamental mysteries underlying the basic biology of human cells, the findings may also have implications for cancers that take up large amounts of cysteine.

September 21, 2026


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